Kirchenakte Documented events from judgments, reports and church documents
1486-1860 · 374 years · show in timeline

Spain 1486 to 1860: statutes of "purity of blood" (limpieza de sangre) in religious orders, cathedral chapters and the Inquisition

From 1486 Spanish religious orders, cathedral chapters, colleges and finally the Inquisition itself excluded all descendants of Jews, Muslims and of persons punished by the Inquisition; several popes confirmed such statutes. In 1547 Archbishop Siliceo forced through a statute in the cathedral chapter of Toledo under which nobody without "pure blood" could hold a position there, not even a choir-boy; Paul III confirmed it secretly in 1548. The Inquisition kept registers of genealogies, accepted rumour and anonymous denunciations as evidence and earned money from the investigations. Whole families were barred from office for generations; only in 1860 did the Cortes abolish the last requirement of proof.

Period
1486-1860 (374 years)
Country
Spain
Institutions
Hieronymite Order
Observant Franciscans
Dominican Order
Cathedral chapter of Toledo
Spanish Inquisition (Suprema)
Pope Alexander VI
Pope Clement VII
Pope Paul III
Category
Anti-Judaism, Persecution
Level of evidence
B two independent scholarly sources · what does this mean?
Persons
Juan Martínez Siliceo (Archbishop of Toledo, forced through the statute of purity of blood in the cathedral chapter in 1547)
Paul III (pope, secretly confirmed the Toledo statute in 1548)
Clement VII (pope, excluded descendants of Jews from the Observant Franciscans in 1525)
Alexander VI (pope, at Torquemada's request forbade in 1496 the reception of descendants of Jews into his convent)

What happened to the people

Who was affected? Victims and numbers

  1. A large part of the population was affected: around 1560 Cardinal Mendoza y Bobadilla showed Philip II that virtually the whole nobility of Castile and Aragon had a strain of Jewish blood. According to the Venetian envoy Nani (1598), the descendants of all who had at any time been punished by the Inquisition were regarded to the third and fourth generation as infamous and incapable of any office in Church or State. Lea writes that the statutes created a caste of pariahs.
    Evidence: Macmillan; Project Gutenberg (eBook 43990), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“
    „drew up and presented to Philip II a memorial in which he showed that virtually the whole nobility of Castile and Aragon had a strain of Jewish blood“
    Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain, Bd. 2 (New York 1906), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“. Original
    Evidence: Macmillan; Project Gutenberg (eBook 43990), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“
    „to the third and fourth generation they are regarded as infamous and incapable of any office in Church or State“
    Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain, Bd. 2 (New York 1906), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“. Original
    Evidence: Macmillan; Project Gutenberg (eBook 43990), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“
    „the statutes of limpieza created a caste of pariahs“
    Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain, Bd. 2 (New York 1906), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“. Original

How were they charged and sentenced?

  1. The Inquisition itself drove the exclusion forward. Its Instructions of 1488 required inquisitors to enforce by heavy penalties the incapacity of descendants of the condemned to hold any public office or to be admitted to holy orders. On 20 November 1522 the Suprema (the supreme council of the Inquisition) prohibited the universities of Salamanca, Valladolid and Toledo from conferring degrees on any convert from Judaism or any son or grandson of one condemned. From 1530 each tribunal compiled for its district a register of genealogies of all "infected" families.
    Evidence: Macmillan; Project Gutenberg (eBook 43990), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“
    „the Instructions of 1488 required inquisitors to enforce by heavy penalties the incapacity of such descendants to hold any public office or to be admitted to holy orders“
    Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain, Bd. 2 (New York 1906), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“. Original
    Evidence: Macmillan; Project Gutenberg (eBook 43990), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“
    „the ominous decree of the Suprema, November 20, 1522, prohibiting Salamanca, Valladolid and Toledo from conferring degrees upon any convert from Judaism, or on any son or grandson of one condemned by the Inquisition“
    Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain, Bd. 2 (New York 1906), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“. Original
    Evidence: Macmillan; Project Gutenberg (eBook 43990), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“
    „From this general inquest each tribunal compiled for its own district a register of genealogies, comprising all the infected families“
    Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain, Bd. 2 (New York 1906), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“. Original
  2. From about 1546 the Inquisition required the proof from its own officials and familiars as well; a royal decree of 1562 extended it to their wives. It was never required of the inquisitor-general himself. Not only those with Jewish or Moorish ancestors counted as "impure", but soon every descendant of anyone on whom the Inquisition had inflicted any penance at all. The most important bodies set no limit to the number of generations.
    Evidence: Macmillan; Project Gutenberg (eBook 43990), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“
    „it ordered that no familiar be received until it is ascertained that he is an Old Christian“
    Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain, Bd. 2 (New York 1906), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“. Original
    Evidence: Macmillan; Project Gutenberg (eBook 43990), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“
    „marking the extravagant extension of the rule to wives“
    Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain, Bd. 2 (New York 1906), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“. Original
    Evidence: Macmillan; Project Gutenberg (eBook 43990), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“
    „Strangely enough, however, the inquisitor-general himself was never required to furnish proofs of purity of blood.“
    Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain, Bd. 2 (New York 1906), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“. Original
    Evidence: Macmillan; Project Gutenberg (eBook 43990), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“
    „they came to regard any penance inflicted by the Holy Office as affixing an indelible stigma on the descendants“
    Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain, Bd. 2 (New York 1906), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“. Original
    Evidence: Macmillan; Project Gutenberg (eBook 43990), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“
    „the more important ones discarded all limitations and refused admission to those against whom a stain could be found, however remote“
    Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain, Bd. 2 (New York 1906), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“. Original
  3. The investigation was secret. The applicant handed in his genealogy, and commissioners examined eight to twelve aged Old Christians under oath in the places of residence. Anonymous communications were acted upon despite prohibitions, and according to the jurist Escobar common fame alone sufficed, even if the grounds for it were unknown. If the result was unfavourable, the answer never came; according to a member of the Suprema, an applicant might remain in suspense for twenty years while the opinion gained ground that his family was impure.
    Evidence: Macmillan; Project Gutenberg (eBook 43990), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“
    „where from eight to twelve of the most aged Old Christians of good repute were summoned as witnesses“
    Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain, Bd. 2 (New York 1906), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“. Original
    Evidence: Macmillan; Project Gutenberg (eBook 43990), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“
    „Anonymous communications were received and acted upon, for, although this was prohibited by law and by papal briefs, these were commonly disregarded.“
    Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain, Bd. 2 (New York 1906), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“. Original
    Evidence: Macmillan; Project Gutenberg (eBook 43990), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“
    „Common fame or reputation, he tells us, suffices, even if the grounds for it be unknown“
    Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain, Bd. 2 (New York 1906), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“. Original
    Evidence: Macmillan; Project Gutenberg (eBook 43990), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“
    „if the result was unfavorable, the answer never came“
    Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain, Bd. 2 (New York 1906), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“. Original
    Evidence: Macmillan; Project Gutenberg (eBook 43990), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“
    „the silence and mysterious authority of the Inquisition will not give the slightest glimmer of light to the applicant, even through twenty years of suspense, though meanwhile the opinion gains ground that his family is impure“
    Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain, Bd. 2 (New York 1906), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“. Original

What happened to those affected?

  1. Those affected were barred from office and increasingly even from a livelihood in the Church and public life. A writer of 1629 reports that women entered nunneries and men remained celibate rather than inflict infamy on descendants, and that large numbers emigrated. On Majorca the descendants of Conversos (Chuetas) still lived apart in 1858, were excluded from offices, guilds and brotherhoods, and were compelled to marry among themselves because the ecclesiastical authorities would not grant licences for mixed marriages. According to Padre Taronji (1877), himself a Chueta, the clergy kept the hatred against them alive.
    Evidence: Macmillan; Project Gutenberg (eBook 43990), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“
    „the avenues of distinction, and even of livelihood, in public life and in the Church, were rapidly closing to all who bore the fatal mancha or stain“
    Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain, Bd. 2 (New York 1906), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“. Original
    Evidence: Macmillan; Project Gutenberg (eBook 43990), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“
    „for women enter nunneries and men remain celibates rather than inflict infamy on descendants, while large numbers emigrate“
    Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain, Bd. 2 (New York 1906), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“. Original
    Evidence: Macmillan; Project Gutenberg (eBook 43990), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“
    „they were compelled to marry among themselves, for no one would contract alliance with them, nor would the ecclesiastical authorities grant licences for mixed marriages“
    Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain, Bd. 2 (New York 1906), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“. Original
    Evidence: Macmillan; Project Gutenberg (eBook 43990), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“
    „represents the clergy as still obstinately impervious to all ideas of extending fellowship to their fellow-believers and as busily fanning the dying embers of class hatred“
    Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain, Bd. 2 (New York 1906), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“. Original

Background

Course of events

  1. The beginning was the "Sentencia Estatuto" of Toledo in 1449, which stripped all Conversos (baptised Jews and their descendants) of official positions as being suspect in the faith. Pope Nicholas V at the time denounced such legislation as unchristian. According to the Encyclopaedia Britannica, "limpieza" (purity of blood) and descent as an "Old Christian" later became the conditions of holding office.
    Evidence: Macmillan; Project Gutenberg (eBook 43990), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“
    „The first indication of this exclusiveness is seen in the Sentencia Estatuto of Toledo, in 1449, under which all Conversos were stripped of official positions as being suspect in the faith“
    Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain, Bd. 2 (New York 1906), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“. Original
    Evidence: Macmillan; Project Gutenberg (eBook 43990), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“
    „elicited the bull of Nicholas V, denouncing such legislation as unchristian“
    Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain, Bd. 2 (New York 1906), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“. Original
    Evidence: Encyclopædia Britannica, 11. Auflage (1911), Artikel Inquisition, Abschnitt Spanien
    „Limpieza , i.e. purity of blood, and the fact of being an “old Christian” were made the conditions of holding offices.“
    Inquisition, The, Artikel Inquisition, Abschnitt Spanien. Original
  2. The proof of purity of blood outlived the Inquisition. Up to 1859 it was still required for entrance into the corps of cadets; in 1860 the Cortes unanimously abolished it.
    Evidence: Macmillan; Project Gutenberg (eBook 43990), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“
    „Up to 1859 it was still requisite for entrance into the corps of cadets but, in 1860, the Córtes unanimously abolished this survival of prejudice and intolerance.“
    Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain, Bd. 2 (New York 1906), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“. Original

Why? Justification and motives (according to the sources)

  1. In a memorial to Charles V, Siliceo justified the statute by saying that nearly all the beneficed priests and those having cure of souls in his archdiocese were of Jewish extraction. Physicians, surgeons and apothecaries were almost all Conversos, and they had adopted these callings solely for the purpose of killing Christians. The cathedral chapter declared that anyone who contended the exclusion to be unscriptural was a manifest heretic and should be burnt to ashes.
    Evidence: Macmillan; Project Gutenberg (eBook 43990), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“
    „On taking possession of his archbishopric he had found that nearly all the beneficed priests and those having cure of souls were of Jewish extraction“
    Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain, Bd. 2 (New York 1906), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“. Original
    Evidence: Macmillan; Project Gutenberg (eBook 43990), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“
    „they adopted these callings solely for the purpose of killing Christians“
    Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain, Bd. 2 (New York 1906), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“. Original
    Evidence: Macmillan; Project Gutenberg (eBook 43990), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“
    „if the opponents contend it to be unscriptural, they are manifest heretics and should be burnt to ashes“
    Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain, Bd. 2 (New York 1906), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“. Original

Who received the assets, who profited?

  1. According to Lea, the fees for the investigations were a welcome source of revenue for the officials of the Inquisition. Applicants had to make a deposit with their genealogy, originally 300 reales; in 1665 an applicant for an unsalaried position in Valencia paid 955⅔ sueldos for the Barcelona investigation alone. From 1582 the Inquisition punished false proofs of descent with fines: in Toledo in 1585, 50,000 maravedís from Bernardino de Torres and 136,000 maravedís from his witnesses. In the end the Suprema took 60 reales per investigation for itself.
    Evidence: Macmillan; Project Gutenberg (eBook 43990), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“
    „the fees earned in the work by the officials formed a welcome source of revenue“
    Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain, Bd. 2 (New York 1906), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“. Original
    Evidence: Macmillan; Project Gutenberg (eBook 43990), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“
    „the applicant was required, when he presented his genealogy, to make a deposit, originally of 300 reales“
    Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain, Bd. 2 (New York 1906), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“. Original
    Evidence: Macmillan; Project Gutenberg (eBook 43990), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“
    „The bill rolled up for him and his wife in Barcelona, for this unsalaried position, amounted to 955⅔ sueldos and this was only the beginning.“
    Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain, Bd. 2 (New York 1906), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“. Original
    Evidence: Macmillan; Project Gutenberg (eBook 43990), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“
    „in 1582 the thrifty plan was adopted of inflicting pecuniary penance“
    Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain, Bd. 2 (New York 1906), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“. Original
    Evidence: Macmillan; Project Gutenberg (eBook 43990), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“
    „Bernardino himself was penanced in fifty thousand maravedís. Many of the witnesses were let off with perpetual disability to testify in such cases, but a hundred and thirty-six thousand maravedís were collected from the rest.“
    Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain, Bd. 2 (New York 1906), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“. Original
    Evidence: Macmillan; Project Gutenberg (eBook 43990), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“
    „the Suprema imposed a fee, for its own benefit, of 60 reales on every investigation“
    Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain, Bd. 2 (New York 1906), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“. Original

Response of the Church

  1. When in 1485 an unbaptised Jew was discovered among the monks of the Hieronymite monastery of Guadalupe and burnt in front of the convent gates, the General Chapter of the Order decreed that no descendant of a Jew should be admitted. Pope Innocent VIII evaded a decision in the brief Decet Romanam of 1486; this was held to be a practical confirmation of the new rule. In 1496 Torquemada obtained from Alexander VI a decree forbidding the reception into his convent at Ávila of anyone descended directly or indirectly from Jews. In 1525 the Observant Franciscans obtained a brief from Clement VII that excluded descendants of Jews and of those convicted by the Inquisition from all offices and in future from the Order.
    Evidence: Macmillan; Project Gutenberg (eBook 43990), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“
    „His prompt burning in front of the convent gates did not allay the dread that other heretics might find similar refuge in the Order, leading the General Chapter to decree that no descendant of a Jew should be admitted“
    Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain, Bd. 2 (New York 1906), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“. Original
    Evidence: Macmillan; Project Gutenberg (eBook 43990), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“
    „He evaded a decision in the brief Decet Romanam , September 25, 1486“
    Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain, Bd. 2 (New York 1906), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“. Original
    Evidence: Macmillan; Project Gutenberg (eBook 43990), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“
    „This of course was held to be a practical confirmation of the new rule“
    Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain, Bd. 2 (New York 1906), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“. Original
    Evidence: Macmillan; Project Gutenberg (eBook 43990), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“
    „In 1496 he therefore applied to Alexander VI for a decree forbidding the reception of any one descended, directly or indirectly from Jews, a request which the pontiff readily granted“
    Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain, Bd. 2 (New York 1906), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“. Original
    Evidence: Macmillan; Project Gutenberg (eBook 43990), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“
    „procured from Clement VII a brief providing that in Spain no fraile descended from Jews, or from one convicted by the Inquisition, should be promoted to any office or dignity, and that thereafter no one laboring under such defect should be admitted into the Order“
    Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain, Bd. 2 (New York 1906), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“. Original
  2. Archbishop Juan Martínez Siliceo of Toledo drew up a statute under which only Old Christians could hold a position in the cathedral, even down to the choir-boys. In July 1547 he pushed it through the cathedral chapter without prior notice, by twenty-five votes to ten. After proceedings at the Rota, Paul III secretly evoked the matter to himself and confirmed the statute on 28 May 1548. This confirmation was thereafter regarded as establishing on irrefragable grounds the necessity of purity of blood for every position in Church or State.
    Evidence: Macmillan; Project Gutenberg (eBook 43990), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“
    „Siliceo drew up a statute forbidding that any but an Old Christian should hold a position in the cathedral, even down to the choir-boys“
    Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain, Bd. 2 (New York 1906), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“. Original
    Evidence: Macmillan; Project Gutenberg (eBook 43990), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“
    „The vote in its favor was twenty-five to ten“
    Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain, Bd. 2 (New York 1906), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“. Original
    Evidence: Macmillan; Project Gutenberg (eBook 43990), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“
    „Paul secretly evoked the matter to himself and signed another brief, May 28, 1548, confirming the statute, so that each side could boast of his support“
    Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain, Bd. 2 (New York 1906), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“. Original
    Evidence: Macmillan; Project Gutenberg (eBook 43990), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“
    „was regarded as establishing on irrefragable grounds the necessity of limpieza as a qualification for all who aspired to position in Church or State“
    Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain, Bd. 2 (New York 1906), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“. Original
  3. The popes decided inconsistently. In 1535 and 1537 Paul III forbade the Dominicans to turn away applicants of Jewish or Moorish blood, but reversed himself in 1538 for a college in Córdoba and in 1542 had the Dominicans of Aragon forbidden to receive descendants to the fourth generation. Paul IV confirmed the statute of the cathedral chapter of Córdoba in 1555; Julius III, Gregory XIII and Sixtus V confirmed the exclusion among the Franciscans. Pius IV, by contrast, refused the statute of the cathedral chapter of Seville in 1565 and condemned the Spanish practice as contrary to law.
    Evidence: Macmillan; Project Gutenberg (eBook 43990), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“
    „he forbade any impediment to the entrance in the Order of those of Jewish or Moorish blood and, on learning that this was disregarded in some houses, he repeated and confirmed it with censures by a brief of August 3, 1537“
    Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain, Bd. 2 (New York 1906), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“. Original
    Evidence: Macmillan; Project Gutenberg (eBook 43990), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“
    „In this, as in so much else, any one seemed able to get from the Holy See whatever he wanted and Paul reversed himself, in 1538“
    Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain, Bd. 2 (New York 1906), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“. Original
    Evidence: Macmillan; Project Gutenberg (eBook 43990), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“
    „by command of Paul, Cardinal Juan de Toledo, Bishop of Burgos, prohibited the Dominicans of Aragon from receiving into the Order descendants of Jews or of convicts of the Inquisition to the fourth generation“
    Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain, Bd. 2 (New York 1906), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“. Original
    Evidence: Macmillan; Project Gutenberg (eBook 43990), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“
    „contributed by his influence to induce Paul IV, in 1555, to confirm it“
    Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain, Bd. 2 (New York 1906), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“. Original
    Evidence: Macmillan; Project Gutenberg (eBook 43990), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“
    „It shows how indomitable were the Conversos that confirmatory briefs had to be procured from Gregory XIII and Sixtus V.“
    Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain, Bd. 2 (New York 1906), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“. Original
    Evidence: Macmillan; Project Gutenberg (eBook 43990), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“
    „when the chapter of Seville, in 1565, petitioned Pius IV to confirm a statute of limpieza, he refused and condemned the Spanish practice as contrary to law“
    Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain, Bd. 2 (New York 1906), Bd. 2, Buch 4, Kap. 4 „Limpieza“. Original

See also

Scholarly literature and reference works

  1. Scholarly literature
    Macmillan; Project Gutenberg (eBook 43990): Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain, Bd. 2 (New York 1906). Original (retrieved 23 Oct 2026)
  2. Reference work
    Encyclopædia Britannica, 11. Auflage (1911): Inquisition, The, 1 January 1911. Original (retrieved 11 Oct 2026)
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