Kirchenakte Documented events from judgments, reports and church documents

Persons

Historical persons whose lives are connected with church proceedings. The years are their life dates.

10 persons, by year of birth.

Named in entries

176 persons named in the entries, alphabetically. Only persons who have been convicted by a final judgment, are named in a government report or are historical persons are named.

Admiral Coligny
leader of the Huguenots, murdered: St Bartholomew's Day Massacre 1572 and the reaction in Rome
Albert Stohr
Bishop of Mainz 1945 to 1961: Sexualised violence in the Diocese of Mainz since 1945 (EVV study)
Albrecht of Mainz
Archbishop of Mainz, Tetzel's principal: Sale of indulgences, forgiveness of sins for money
Alessandro Farnese
brother of Giulia Farnese, appointed cardinal by him: Pope Alexander VI (Rodrigo Borgia)
Alexander VI
Pope: Girolamo Savonarola
Alfredo Ottaviani
Cardinal, Secretary of the Holy Office, signed in 1962: Crimen sollicitationis, secret instruction of the Holy Office on abuse cases involving clergy (1922, 1962)
Alphonse of Poitiers
Count of Toulouse from 1249, financed the Inquisition: The Inquisition: origins, procedure, punishments
Anna Morisi
former maid of the family: Mortara case 1858, a Jewish child is taken from his parents on the orders of the Inquisition
Ante Pavelić
leader of the "Independent State of Croatia" 1941 to 1945: Ratline via Rome: the priest Draganović and the escape of Klaus Barbie
Anthony Bevilacqua
Cardinal, Archbishop of Philadelphia; according to the grand jury personally informed about almost all allegations: Archdiocese of Philadelphia, grand jury report of 2005 on abuse by 63 priests and cover-up by Cardinals Krol and Bevilacqua
Athanase Seromba
Catholic priest of the parish of Nyange: Church of Nyange 1994: parish priest Athanase Seromba convicted of genocide
Benedict Seed
former monk of Fort Augustus, convicted of assault on a child: Scotland, Benedictine schools Fort Augustus and Carlekemp 1948 to 1991 (Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry 2021)
Benedict XIV
Pope: Prohibition and restriction of the Bible in the vernacular for lay people
Benedict XVI
Pope, pastoral letter to the Catholics of Ireland 2010: Abuse in Irish homes and industrial schools (Ryan Report)
Pope: The case of Theodore McCarrick (Vatican report 2020)
Benito Mussolini
Italian head of government, signatory: Lateran Treaties of 1929 between the Holy See and Mussolini's government
Bernard Gui
Inquisitor: The Inquisition: origins, procedure, punishments
Bernard Law
Cardinal, Archbishop of Boston 1984 to 2002: Sexual abuse in the Archdiocese of Boston (Attorney General's report 2003)
Bernard McGrath
Brother of St John of God, convicted in New Zealand and Australia of more than 100 offences: New Zealand, Marylands School and Hebron Trust, abuse by the Brothers of St John of God (Royal Commission 2023)
Bernardino of Feltre
Franciscan preacher, incited against the Jews in Trent: Ritual murder trial of Trent 1475, the Jewish community is tortured and executed after the death of the child Simon
Bischof Cunneen
Bishop of Christchurch, according to the report took no responsibility: New Zealand, Marylands School and Hebron Trust, abuse by the Brothers of St John of God (Royal Commission 2023)
Boniface VIII
Pope, introduced the jubilee indulgence: Sale of indulgences, forgiveness of sins for money
Brendan Comiskey
Bishop of Ferns: Abuse and cover-up in the Diocese of Ferns (Ferns Report)
Bruder Moloney
head of Marylands in the 1970s, convicted in 2008, died 2019: New Zealand, Marylands School and Hebron Trust, abuse by the Brothers of St John of God (Royal Commission 2023)
Callixtus III
Pope, under whom the nullity trial took place: Joan of Arc
Pope, his uncle: Pope Alexander VI (Rodrigo Borgia)
Cardinal Antonelli
Cardinal Secretary of State: Mortara case 1858, a Jewish child is taken from his parents on the orders of the Inquisition
Cardinal Baronius
church historian, admitted the forgery: Donation of Constantine, a forged charter on papal rights of rule
Carlo Carafa
nephew, made a cardinal by him: Pope Paul IV (Gian Pietro Carafa)
Catherine de' Medici
Queen Mother of France: St Bartholomew's Day Massacre 1572 and the reaction in Rome
Cesare Borgia
son, cardinal at the age of 18: Pope Alexander VI (Rodrigo Borgia)
Charles Emmanuel II
Duke, ordered the Waldensians to be confined to their old territory: Persecution of the Waldensians
Charles V
Emperor: Portuguese Inquisition
Charlie Forsyth
former child in care, later a member of staff at Smyllum, according to the findings physically and emotionally abused children: Scotland, Smyllum Park and Bellevue, children's homes of the Daughters of Charity 1917 to 1981 (Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry 2018)
Christian Federico von Wernich
Catholic priest, chaplain of the police of the Province of Buenos Aires: Christian von Wernich, police chaplain during the Argentine military dictatorship
Clement V
Pope: Arrest, torture and burning of the Templars
Clement VIII
Pope: Prohibition and restriction of the Bible in the vernacular for lay people
Clement XI
Pope, constitution "Unigenitus": Prohibition and restriction of the Bible in the vernacular for lay people
Conrad Tors
Conrad's associate: Conrad of Marburg, papal persecutor of heretics in Germany
Constantine the Great
Roman emperor, purported issuer of the forged charter: Donation of Constantine, a forged charter on papal rights of rule
Cornelius Loos
professor of theology in Trier, imprisoned and forced to recant: Witch hunts in Europe
David Pearce
monk of Ealing Abbey (St Benedict's School), convicted in 2009: England and Wales, state inquiry (IICSA) into abuse in the Catholic Church 1970 to 2015
Denis Alexander
former monk of Fort Augustus, convicted of sexual offences against children: Scotland, Benedictine schools Fort Augustus and Carlekemp 1948 to 1991 (Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry 2021)
Dermot Ryan
Archbishop of Dublin: Abuse and cover-up in the Archdiocese of Dublin (Murphy Report)
Diego Díaz
burned at the stake in 1659: Spanish Inquisition in the Americas (Mexico, Lima, Cartagena)
Donal Herlihy
Bishop of Ferns: Abuse and cover-up in the Diocese of Ferns (Ferns Report)
Edgar Mortara
six-year-old Jewish child, taken from his parents: Mortara case 1858, a Jewish child is taken from his parents on the orders of the Inquisition
Egbert of Trier
Archbishop of Trier: Crusades to the East
Elisabeth of Thuringia
widowed landgravine, Conrad's penitent: Conrad of Marburg, papal persecutor of heretics in Germany
Eugenio Pacelli (Pius XII)
Cardinal Secretary of State, plenipotentiary and signatory for the Holy See: Reich Concordat of 1933 between the Holy See and the German Reich
Ferdinand of Aragon
King: Tomás de Torquemada, Grand Inquisitor of Spain
King: Spanish Inquisition
Fernando Karadima Fariña
priest of the Archdiocese of Santiago de Chile: The Karadima case: conviction and dismissal from the clerical state
Francis
Pope: Papal bulls on conquest and enslavement and the "Doctrine of Discovery"
Pope: Residential schools for Indigenous children in Canada
Pope, dismissed Karadima from the clerical state: The Karadima case: conviction and dismissal from the clerical state
Pope: Abuse and cover-up in the Church in Chile
Francisco Botello
burned at the stake in 1659: Spanish Inquisition in the Americas (Mexico, Lima, Cartagena)
Franz von Papen
Vice-Chancellor, plenipotentiary of the German Reich: Reich Concordat of 1933 between the Holy See and the German Reich
Frederick II
Holy Roman Emperor: The Inquisition: origins, procedure, punishments
Frederick William I of Prussia
King, received the expelled in East Prussia: Expulsion of the Salzburg Protestants 1731/32 by Prince-Archbishop Firmian
Friedrich Spee
Jesuit, critic of the witch trials (Cautio Criminalis): Witch hunts in Europe
Georg Eder
Archbishop, co-signatory of the 1998 declaration: The Groër case: abuse allegations against the Archbishop of Vienna
Gerald Ridsdale
priest of the Diocese of Ballarat, laicised in 1993: Victoria, Australia: parliamentary inquiry "Betrayal of Trust" into the handling of child abuse (2013)
Gerhard II of Bremen
Archbishop of Bremen (1219-1258), had the Stedingers declared heretics: Crusade against the Stedingers 1232 to 1234, peasants on the Lower Weser declared heretics for refusing to pay dues
Giambattista dei Sindici
Bishop of Ventimiglia, papal commissioner, considered the Jews innocent: Ritual murder trial of Trent 1475, the Jewish community is tortured and executed after the death of the child Simon
Girolamo Rosini
priest, admitted to the papal choir in 1601 as the first castrato: Castrati in the papal choir of the Sistine Chapel from 1601
Giulia Farnese
mistress: Pope Alexander VI (Rodrigo Borgia)
Godfrey of Bouillon
crusade leader: Crusades to the East
Godfried Danneels
Cardinal, Archbishop of Mechelen-Brussels, chairman of the Bishops' Conference: Sexual abuse in the Catholic Church in Belgium (parliamentary report 2011)
Gordon Walsh
priest of the Archdiocese of St. John's, sentenced in 1990 to 18 months in prison: Abuse by priests in the Archdiocese of St. John's, Newfoundland (Winter Commission)
Gregory IX
Pope, commissioned Conrad in 1227: Conrad of Marburg, papal persecutor of heretics in Germany
Pope, had the crusade against the Stedingers preached: Crusade against the Stedingers 1232 to 1234, peasants on the Lower Weser declared heretics for refusing to pay dues
Pope: The Inquisition: origins, procedure, punishments
Gregory XIII
Pope: St Bartholomew's Day Massacre 1572 and the reaction in Rome
Pope, ordered the compulsory sermons: Compulsory sermons for Jews, Gregory XIII obliges them in 1577 and 1584 to listen to conversion sermons
Gregory XVI
Pope: Prohibition and restriction of the Bible in the vernacular for lay people
Gregory the Great
Pope: Serfs and slaves owned by churches and monasteries in the early Middle Ages
Hans Hermann Groër
Archbishop of Vienna 1986 to 1995, cardinal (died 2003): The Groër case: abuse allegations against the Archbishop of Vienna
Heinrich Tenhumberg
Bishop of Münster: Sexual abuse by clerics in the Diocese of Münster (study by the University of Münster)
Hermann Volk
Bishop of Mainz 1962 to 1982: Sexualised violence in the Diocese of Mainz since 1945 (EVV study)
Hermann of Cologne
Archbishop of Cologne, tried to protect the Jews: Crusades to the East
Hermann of Lippe
brother of the archbishop, fell in 1229 fighting the Stedingers: Crusade against the Stedingers 1232 to 1234, peasants on the Lower Weser declared heretics for refusing to pay dues
Innocent III
Pope: Prohibition and restriction of the Bible in the vernacular for lay people
Pope: Albigensian Crusade
Pope: Fourth Lateran Council: compulsory badge for Jews
Innocent IV
Pope: The Inquisition: origins, procedure, punishments
Innocent VIII
Pope: Persecution of the Waldensians
Pope: Witch hunts in Europe
Innocent XI
Pope, under whom an armed man supervised the listeners: Compulsory sermons for Jews, Gregory XIII obliges them in 1577 and 1584 to listen to conversion sermons
Isabella of Castile
Queen: Spanish Inquisition
Ithacius of Ossonuba
bishop, Priscillian's accuser: Execution of Priscillian in 385, the first execution of Christians for heresy, on the accusation of bishops
Jacobo Timerman
journalist, abducted and tortured: Christian von Wernich, police chaplain during the Argentine military dictatorship
Jacques de Molay
Grand Master of the Templars: Arrest, torture and burning of the Templars
James Hickey
priest of the Archdiocese of St. John's, sentenced in 1988 to five years in prison for 20 sexual offences against children: Abuse by priests in the Archdiocese of St. John's, Newfoundland (Winter Commission)
James I of Aragon
King: Prohibition and restriction of the Bible in the vernacular for lay people
James Robinson
priest of the Archdiocese of Birmingham, sentenced in 2010 to 21 years in prison for 21 sexual offences against four boys: England and Wales, state inquiry (IICSA) into abuse in the Catholic Church 1970 to 2015
Jean le Maistre
Inquisitor, judge: Joan of Arc
Joachim Meisner
Cardinal, Archbishop of Cologne 1989 to 2014, died 2017: Handling of sexual abuse in the Archdiocese of Cologne (expert report 2021)
Johann Tetzel
Dominican, indulgence preacher: Sale of indulgences, forgiveness of sins for money
Johann Weber
Bishop, co-signatory of the 1998 declaration: The Groër case: abuse allegations against the Archbishop of Vienna
Johannes Hinderbach
Prince-Bishop of Trent, under whom the Jews were tortured and executed: Ritual murder trial of Trent 1475, the Jewish community is tortured and executed after the death of the child Simon
Johannes Junius
burgomaster of Bamberg, tortured and burned as a witch in 1628: Witch hunts in Europe
Johannes Pohlschneider
Bishop of Aachen: Sexual abuse by clerics in the Diocese of Aachen (WSW expert report 2020)
John Charles McQuaid
Archbishop of Dublin: Abuse and cover-up in the Archdiocese of Dublin (Murphy Report)
John Corrigan
priest of the Archdiocese of St. John's, sentenced in 1988 to five years in prison after pleading guilty: Abuse by priests in the Archdiocese of St. John's, Newfoundland (Winter Commission)
John Frederick of Saxony
Duke, expelled the Jews in 1537: Martin Luther
John Geoghan
priest of the Archdiocese of Boston: Sexual abuse in the Archdiocese of Boston (Attorney General's report 2003)
John III
King of Portugal: Portuguese Inquisition
John Krol
Cardinal, Archbishop of Philadelphia; according to the grand jury personally informed about almost all allegations: Archdiocese of Philadelphia, grand jury report of 2005 on abuse by 63 priests and cover-up by Cardinals Krol and Bevilacqua
John Magee
Bishop of Cloyne: Cover-up in the Diocese of Cloyne and the attitude of the Vatican (Cloyne Report)
John Paul II
Pope: Sack of Constantinople in the Fourth Crusade
Pope: Jan Hus
Pope: Galileo Galilei
Pope, appointed McCarrick Archbishop of Washington in 2000: The case of Theodore McCarrick (Vatican report 2020)
John Roberts
Abbot of Downside, did not report the first case: England, Benedictine schools of Ampleforth and Downside, abuse and cover-up (IICSA 2018)
John XXIII
Pope, confirmed the new edition in 1962: Crimen sollicitationis, secret instruction of the Holy Office on abuse cases involving clergy (1922, 1962)
John of Speyer
Bishop of Speyer, tried to protect the Jews: Crusades to the East
Josel of Rosheim
advocate of the Jews: Martin Luther
Joseph Bernardin
Cardinal, Archbishop of Chicago: Sexual abuse by Catholic clerics in Illinois (Attorney General's report 2023)
Joseph Höffner
Bishop of Münster: Sexual abuse by clerics in the Diocese of Münster (study by the University of Münster)
Cardinal, Archbishop of Cologne 1969 to 1987, died 1987: Handling of sexual abuse in the Archdiocese of Cologne (expert report 2021)
Joseph Ratzinger (Benedict XVI)
Archbishop of Munich and Freising 1977 to 1982, pope 2005 to 2013, died 2022: Sexual abuse in the Archdiocese of Munich and Freising (expert report 2022)
Joseph Ẓarfati
convert to Christianity, preacher of the compulsory sermons: Compulsory sermons for Jews, Gregory XIII obliges them in 1577 and 1584 to listen to conversion sermons
Jozef Tiso
Catholic priest, President of the Slovak State 1939-1945, convicted in 1947 of, among other things, crimes against humanity: Slovak State under the priest Jozef Tiso 1939 to 1945, disenfranchisement and deportation of the Jews
Juan Borgia
son: Pope Alexander VI (Rodrigo Borgia)
Juan Ramón Camps
police chief of the Province of Buenos Aires: Christian von Wernich, police chaplain during the Argentine military dictatorship
Juan Álvarez
physician from Zafra, burned in Lima with his family: Spanish Inquisition in the Americas (Mexico, Lima, Cartagena)
Julius III
Pope: Book burnings and the Index of Forbidden Books
Kardinal Morone
cardinal, imprisoned on suspicion of heresy: Pope Paul IV (Gian Pietro Carafa)
Karl Lehmann
Bishop of Mainz from 1983: Sexualised violence in the Diocese of Mainz since 1945 (EVV study)
Kevin McNamara
Archbishop of Dublin: Abuse and cover-up in the Archdiocese of Dublin (Murphy Report)
Klaus Barbie
Gestapo chief in Lyon: Ratline via Rome: the priest Draganović and the escape of Klaus Barbie
Klaus Hemmerle
Bishop of Aachen: Sexual abuse by clerics in the Diocese of Aachen (WSW expert report 2020)
Krunoslav Draganović
Croatian Catholic priest at a seminary in Rome: Ratline via Rome: the priest Draganović and the escape of Klaus Barbie
Leo X
Pope: Sale of indulgences, forgiveness of sins for money
Pope: Martin Luther
Leo XIII
Pope: Prohibition and restriction of the Bible in the vernacular for lay people
Pope: Book burnings and the Index of Forbidden Books
Pope, according to the Britannica removed the castrati from the papal choir: Castrati in the papal choir of the Sistine Chapel from 1601
Leopold Anton von Firmian
Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg (reigned 1727-1744), ordered the expulsion: Expulsion of the Salzburg Protestants 1731/32 by Prince-Archbishop Firmian
Lorenzo Valla
humanist, proved the forgery in 1440: Donation of Constantine, a forged charter on papal rights of rule
Louis IX
King of France: Fourth Lateran Council: compulsory badge for Jews
Lucius III
Pope: Persecution of the Waldensians
Marcial Maciel Degollado
founder and superior general of the Legionaries of Christ 1941 to 2005, died 2008: Legionaries of Christ: abuse by the founder Marcial Maciel and other priests
Maximus
Roman emperor, had Priscillian executed: Execution of Priscillian in 385, the first execution of Christians for heresy, on the accusation of bishops
Michael Keller
Bishop of Münster: Sexual abuse by clerics in the Diocese of Münster (study by the University of Münster)
Monsignore Denis O’Callaghan
vicar general, responsible for abuse cases: Cover-up in the Diocese of Cloyne and the attitude of the Vatican (Cloyne Report)
Moses
eighty-year-old defendant, brought to confess under torture: Ritual murder trial of Trent 1475, the Jewish community is tortured and executed after the death of the child Simon
Moses Montefiore
asked for the child's release: Mortara case 1858, a Jewish child is taken from his parents on the orders of the Inquisition
Nicholas V
Pope: Papal bulls on conquest and enslavement and the "Doctrine of Discovery"
Nicholas White
monk and teacher at Downside, according to the report abused several boys: England, Benedictine schools of Ampleforth and Downside, abuse and cover-up (IICSA 2018)
Norman Bulloch
former Marist Brother, convicted of sexual abuse of children at St Joseph's: Scotland, boarding schools of the Marist Brothers in Largs and Dumfries 1950 to 1983 (Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry 2021)
Odo of Toul
Bishop of Toul: Persecution of the Waldensians
Oskar Saier
Archbishop of Freiburg 1978 to 2002: Cover-up of abuse in the Archdiocese of Freiburg (report of the File Analysis Working Group)
Paul III
Pope: Portuguese Inquisition
Pope, established the Roman Inquisition in 1542: Roman Inquisition (Holy Office)
Paul IV
Pope, Index of 1559: Prohibition and restriction of the Bible in the vernacular for lay people
Pope: Book burnings and the Index of Forbidden Books
as Cardinal Carafa, representative of the counter-reaction, later pope: Roman Inquisition (Holy Office)
Pope: Ghetto of Rome in the Papal States
Paul VI
Pope, gave the Holy Office a new order in 1965: Roman Inquisition (Holy Office)
Peter Toner
former Marist Brother, convicted of serious offences against children at St Columba's: Scotland, boarding schools of the Marist Brothers in Largs and Dumfries 1950 to 1983 (Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry 2021)
Peter of Castelnau
Cistercian, papal legate, murdered: Albigensian Crusade
Petrus Ramus
philosopher, murdered: St Bartholomew's Day Massacre 1572 and the reaction in Rome
Philip II
King of Spain: Spanish Inquisition in the Americas (Mexico, Lima, Cartagena)
Philip IV
King of France, ordered the arrest of the Templars: Arrest, torture and burning of the Templars
Pierre Cauchon
Bishop, judge: Joan of Arc
Piers Grant-Ferris
monk at Ampleforth, convicted of 20 counts of indecent assault against 15 boys: England, Benedictine schools of Ampleforth and Downside, abuse and cover-up (IICSA 2018)
Pietro Gasparri
Cardinal Secretary of State, author and signatory for the Holy See: Lateran Treaties of 1929 between the Holy See and Mussolini's government
Pius IV
Pope, confirmed the rules of the Index: Prohibition and restriction of the Bible in the vernacular for lay people
Pius IX
Pope, under whom the sermons were discontinued in 1847: Compulsory sermons for Jews, Gregory XIII obliges them in 1577 and 1584 to listen to conversion sermons
Pope, refused to return the child: Mortara case 1858, a Jewish child is taken from his parents on the orders of the Inquisition
Pius V
Pope: Roman Inquisition (Holy Office)
Pope, ordered the expulsion: Bull "Hebraeorum gens" 1569, Pope Pius V expels the Jews from the Papal States
Pius VII
Pope: Prohibition and restriction of the Bible in the vernacular for lay people
Pius XI
Pope, under whom the instruction was issued in 1922: Crimen sollicitationis, secret instruction of the Holy Office on abuse cases involving clergy (1922, 1962)
Priscillian
layman, later Bishop of Avila, executed in 385: Execution of Priscillian in 385, the first execution of Christians for heresy, on the accusation of bishops
Reinhard Lettmann
Bishop of Münster: Sexual abuse by clerics in the Diocese of Münster (study by the University of Münster)
Robert Bellarmine
Cardinal: Galileo Galilei
Robert Mayer
priest of the Archdiocese of Chicago: Sexual abuse by Catholic clerics in Illinois (Attorney General's report 2023)
Roger Vangheluwe
Bishop of Bruges, resigned in 2010: Sexual abuse in the Catholic Church in Belgium (parliamentary report 2011)
Ronald Mulkearns
Bishop of Ballarat, moved Ridsdale after the first complaint: Victoria, Australia: parliamentary inquiry "Betrayal of Trust" into the handling of child abuse (2013)
Samuel
community member near whose house the body was found; arrested: Ritual murder trial of Trent 1475, the Jewish community is tortured and executed after the death of the child Simon
Samuel Carr
child at Smyllum, died at the age of six, malnourished, after severe beatings by a sister: Scotland, Smyllum Park and Bellevue, children's homes of the Daughters of Charity 1917 to 1981 (Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry 2018)
Samuel Penney
priest of the Archdiocese of Birmingham, moved from parish to parish despite reports: England and Wales, state inquiry (IICSA) into abuse in the Catholic Church 1970 to 2015
Schwester Alphonso
sister of the Sisters of Nazareth, convicted in 2000 of assault on children: Scotland, children's homes of the Sisters of Nazareth 1933 to 1984 (Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry 2019)
Simon of Trent
child whose death was blamed on the Jews: Ritual murder trial of Trent 1475, the Jewish community is tortured and executed after the death of the child Simon
Sixtus IV
Pope, declared the proceedings lawful in 1478: Ritual murder trial of Trent 1475, the Jewish community is tortured and executed after the death of the child Simon
Pope: Spanish Inquisition
Sixtus V
Pope: Prohibition and restriction of the Bible in the vernacular for lay people
Stephen Langton
Archbishop of Canterbury: Fourth Lateran Council: compulsory badge for Jews
Theodore Edgar McCarrick
Bishop of Metuchen, Archbishop of Newark and Washington, cardinal; dismissed from the clerical state in 2019: The case of Theodore McCarrick (Vatican report 2020)
Timothy Wright
Abbot of Ampleforth, rejected the implementation of the Nolan recommendations: England, Benedictine schools of Ampleforth and Downside, abuse and cover-up (IICSA 2018)
Tomás de Torquemada
Grand Inquisitor: Spanish Inquisition
Téligny
son-in-law of Coligny, murdered: St Bartholomew's Day Massacre 1572 and the reaction in Rome
Urban II
Pope: Crusades to the East
Vannozza Catanei
mistress, mother of his four children: Pope Alexander VI (Rodrigo Borgia)
Victor Emmanuel
abolished the ghetto in 1870: Ghetto of Rome in the Papal States
Vincent Nichols
Cardinal, Archbishop of Westminster; according to the report at times more concerned with the reputation of the Church: England and Wales, state inquiry (IICSA) into abuse in the Catholic Church 1970 to 2015
Virginio Orsini
died as a prisoner, his property was confiscated: Pope Alexander VI (Rodrigo Borgia)
Wolf Dietrich
Archbishop of Salzburg (died 1611), had Protestant citizens expelled: Expulsion of the Salzburg Protestants 1731/32 by Prince-Archbishop Firmian